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| Topic | Details |
|---|
Security Architecture 29% |
| Given a scenario, analyze the security requirements and objectives to ensure an appropriate, secure network architecture for a new or existing network. | - Services- Load balancer
- Intrusion detection system (IDS)/network intrusion detection system (NIDS)/wireless intrusion detection system (WIDS)
- Intrusion prevention system (IPS)/network intrusion prevention system (NIPS)/wireless intrusion prevention system (WIPS)
- Web application firewall (WAF)
- Network access control (NAC)
- Virtual private network (VPN)
- Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC)
- Firewall/unified threat management (UTM)/next-generation firewall (NGFW)
- Network address translation (NAT) gateway
- Internet gateway
- Forward/transparent proxy
- Reverse proxy
- Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) protection
- Routers
- Mail security
- Application programming interface (API) gateway/Extensible Markup Language (XML) gateway
- Traffic mirroring
-Switched port analyzer (SPAN) ports
-Port mirroring
- Virtual private cloud (VPC)
-Network tap - Sensors
-Security information and event management (SIEM)
-File integrity monitoring (FIM)
-Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) traps
-NetFlow
-Data loss prevention (DLP)
-Antivirus
- Segmentation- Microsegmentation
- Local area network (LAN)/virtual local area network (VLAN)
- Jump box
- Screened subnet
- Data zones
- Staging environments
- Guest environments
- VPC/virtual network (VNET)
- Availability zone
- NAC lists
- Policies/security groups
- Regions
- Access control lists (ACLs)
- Peer-to-peer
- Air gap
- Deperimeterization/zero trust- Cloud
- Remote work
- Mobile
- Outsourcing and contracting
- Wireless/radio frequency (RF) networks
- Merging of networks from various organizations
- Peering
- Cloud to on premises
- Data sensitivity levels
- Mergers and acquisitions
- Cross-domain
- Federation
- Directory services
- Software-defined networking (SDN)
- Open SDN
- Hybrid SDN
- SDN overlay
|
| Given a scenario, analyze the organizational requirements to determine the proper infrastructure security design. | - Scalability - Resiliency - High availability
- Diversity/heterogeneity
- Course of action orchestration
- Distributed allocation
- Redundancy
- Replication
- Clustering
- Automation - Autoscaling
- Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response (SOAR)
- Bootstrapping
- Performance
- Containerization
- Virtualization
- Content delivery network
- Caching |
| Given a scenario, integrate software applications securely into an enterprise architecture. | - Baseline and templates- Secure design patterns/ types of web technologies
-Storage design patterns - Container APIs
- Secure coding standards
- Application vetting processes
- API management
- Middleware
- Software assurance- Sandboxing/development environment
- Validating third-party libraries
- Defined DevOps pipeline
- Code signing
- Interactive application security testing (IAST) vs. dynamic application security testing (DAST) vs. static application security testing (SAST)
- Considerations of integrating enterprise applications- Customer relationship management (CRM)
- Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
- Configuration management database (CMDB)
- Content management system (CMS)
- Integration enablers
-Directory services
-Domain name system (DNS)
-Service-oriented architecture (SOA)
-Enterprise service bus (ESB)
- Integrating security into development life cycle
- Formal methods
- Requirements
- Fielding
- Insertions and upgrades
- Disposal and reuse
- Testing
-Regression
-Unit testing
-Integration testing - Development approaches
-SecDevOps
-Agile
-Waterfall
-Spiral
-Versioning
-Continuous integration/continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipelines - Best practices
-Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)
-Proper Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) headers
|
| Given a scenario, implement data security techniques for securing enterprise architecture. | - Data loss prevention- Blocking use of external media
- Print blocking
- Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) blocking
- Clipboard privacy controls
- Restricted virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) implementation
- Data classification blocking
- Data loss detection- Watermarking
- Digital rights management (DRM)
- Network traffic decryption/deep packet inspection
- Network traffic analysis
- Data classification, labeling, and tagging
- Obfuscation
- Tokenization
- Scrubbing
- Masking
- Anonymization
- Encrypted vs. unencrypted
- Data life cycle
- Create
- Use
- Share
- Store
- Archive
- Destroy
- Data inventory and mapping
- Data integrity management
- Data storage, backup, and recovery- Redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID)
|
| Given a scenario, analyze the security requirements and objectives to provide the appropriate authentication and authorization controls. | - Credential management- Password repository application
-End-user password storage
-On premises vs. cloud repository - Hardware key manager
- Privileged access management
- Password policies - Complexity
- Length
- Character classes
- History
- Maximum/minimum age
- Auditing
- Reversable encryption
- Federation - Transitive trust
- OpenID
- Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML)
- Shibboleth
- Access control
- Mandatory access control (MAC)
- Discretionary access control (DAC)
- Role-based access control
- Rule-based access control
- Attribute-based access control
- Protocols- Remote Authentication Dial-in User Server (RADIUS)
- Terminal Access Controller Access Control System (TACACS)
- Diameter
- Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
- Kerberos
- OAuth
- 802.1X
- Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
- Multifactor authentication (MFA)- Two-factor authentication (2FA)
- 2-Step Verification
- In-band
- Out-of-band
- One-time password (OTP) - HMAC-based one-time password (HOTP)
- Time-based one-time password (TOTP)
- Hardware root of trust- Single sign-on (SSO)- JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) web token (JWT)- Attestation and identity proofing
|
| Given a set of requirements, implement secure cloud and virtualization solutions. | - Virtualization strategies- Type 1 vs. Type 2 hypervisors
- Containers
- Emulation
- Application virtualization
- VDI
- Provisioning and deprovisioning
- Middleware
- Metadata and tags
- Deployment models and considerations
- Business directives
-Cost
-Scalability
-Resources
-Location
-Data protection - Cloud deployment models
-Private
-Public
-Hybrid
-Community
- Hosting models - Service models - Software as a service (SaaS)
- Platform as a service (PaaS)
- Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
- Cloud provider limitations - Internet Protocol (IP) address scheme
- VPC peering
- Extending appropriate on-premises controls
- Storage models- Object storage/file-based storage
- Database storage
- Block storage
- Blob storage
- Key-value pairs
|
| Explain how cryptography and public key infrastructure (PKI) support security objectives and requirements. | - Privacy and confidentiality requirements
- Integrity requirements
- Non-repudiation
- Compliance and policy requirements
- Common cryptography use cases- Data at rest
- Data in transit
- Data in process/data in use
- Protection of web services
- Embedded systems
- Key escrow/management
- Mobile security
- Secure authentication
- Smart card
- Common PKI use cases - Web services
- Email
- Code signing
- Federation
- Trust models
- VPN
- Enterprise and security automation/orchestration
|
| Explain the impact of emerging technologies on enterprise security and privacy. | - Artificial intelligence
- Machine learning
- Quantum computing
- Blockchain
- Homomorphic encryption- Private information retrieval
- Secure function evaluation
- Private function evaluation
- Secure multiparty computation
- Distributed consensus
- Big Data
- Virtual/augmented reality
- 3-D printing
- Passwordless authentication
- Nano technology
- Deep learning - Natural language processing
- Deep fakes
-Biometric impersonation |
Security Operations 30% |
| Given a scenario, perform threat management activities. | - Intelligence types- Tactical
-Commodity malware - Strategic
-Targeted attacks - Operational
-Threat hunting
-Threat emulation
- Actor types - Advanced persistent threat (APT)/nation-state
- Insider threat
- Competitor
- Hacktivist
- Script kiddie
- Organized crime
- Threat actor properties - Resource
-Time
-Money - Supply chain access
- Create vulnerabilities
- Capabilities/sophistication
- Identifying techniques
- Intelligence collection methods - Intelligence feeds
- Deep web
- Proprietary
- Open-source intelligence (OSINT)
- Human intelligence (HUMINT)
- Frameworks- MITRE Adversarial Tactics, Techniques, & Common knowledge (ATT&CK)
-ATT&CK for industrial control system (ICS) - Diamond Model of Intrusion Analysis
- Cyber Kill Chain
|
| Given a scenario, analyze indicators of compromise and formulate an appropriate response. | - Indicators of compromise- Packet capture (PCAP)
- Logs
-Network logs
-Vulnerability logs
-Operating system logs
-Access logs
-NetFlow logs - Notifications
-FIM alerts
-SIEM alerts
-DLP alerts
-IDS/IPS alerts
-Antivirus alerts - Notification severity/priorities
- Unusual process activity
- Response - Firewall rules
- IPS/IDS rules
- ACL rules
- Signature rules
- Behavior rules
- DLP rules
- Scripts/regular expressions
|
| Given a scenario, perform vulnerability management activities. | - Vulnerability scans- Credentialed vs. non-credentialed
- Agent-based/server-based
- Criticality ranking
- Active vs. passive
- Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP)- Extensible Configuration Checklist Description Format (XCCDF)
- Open Vulnerability and Assessment Language (OVAL)
- Common Platform Enumeration (CPE)
- Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE)
- Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS)
- Common Configuration Enumeration (CCE)
- Asset Reporting Format (ARF)
- Self-assessment vs. third-party vendor assessment
- Patch management
- Information sources
- Advisories
- Bulletins
- Vendor websites
- Information Sharing and Analysis Centers (ISACs)
- News reports
|
| Given a scenario, use the appropriate vulnerability assessment and penetration testing methods and tools. | - Methods- Static analysis
- Dynamic analysis
- Side-channel analysis
- Reverse engineering
-Software
-Hardware - Wireless vulnerability scan
- Software composition analysis
- Fuzz testing
- ivoting
- Post-exploitation
- Persistence
- Tools - SCAP scanner
- Network traffic analyzer
- Vulnerability scanner
- Protocol analyzer
- Port scanner
- HTTP interceptor
- Exploit framework
- Password cracker
- Dependency management
- Requirements - Scope of work
- Rules of engagement
- Invasive vs. non-invasive
- Asset inventory
- Permissions and access
- Corporate policy considerations
- Facility considerations
- Physical security considerations
- Rescan for corrections/changes
|
| Given a scenario, analyze vulnerabilities and recommend risk mitigations. | - Vulnerabilities- Race conditions
- Overflows
-Buffer
-Integer - Broken authentication
- Unsecure references
- Poor exception handling
- Security misconfiguration
- Improper headers
- Information disclosure
- Certificate errors
- Weak cryptography implementations
- Weak ciphers
- Weak cipher suite implementations
- Software composition analysis
- Use of vulnerable frameworks and software modules
- Use of unsafe functions
- Third-party libraries
-Dependencies
-Code injections/malicious changes
-End of support/end of life
-Regression issues
- Inherently vulnerable system/application - Client-side processing vs. server-side processing
- JSON/representational state transfer (REST)
- Browser extensions
-Flash
-ActiveX - Hypertext Markup Language 5 (HTML5)
- Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX)
- Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)
- Machine code vs. bytecode or interpreted vs. emulated
- Attacks- Directory traversal
- Cross-site scripting (XSS)
- Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)
- Injection
-XML
-LDAP
-Structured Query Language (SQL)
-Command
-Process - Sandbox escape
- Virtual machine (VM) hopping
- VM escape
- Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)/route hijacking
- Interception attacks
- Denial-of-service (DoS)/DDoS
- Authentication bypass
- Social engineering
- VLAN hopping
|
| Given a scenario, use processes to reduce risk. | - Proactive and detection- Hunts
- Developing countermeasures
- Deceptive technologies
-Honeynet
-Honeypot
-Decoy files
-Simulators
-Dynamic network configurations
- Security data analytics - Processing pipelines
-Data
-Stream - Indexing and search
- Log collection and curation
- Database activity monitoring
- Preventive - Antivirus
- Immutable systems
- Hardening
- Sandbox detonation
- Application control
- License technologies
- Allow list vs. block list
- Time of check vs. time of use
- Atomic execution
- Security automation- Cron/scheduled tasks
- Bash
- PowerShell
- Python
- Physical security
- Review of lighting
- Review of visitor logs
- Camera reviews
- Open spaces vs. confined spaces
|
| Given an incident, implement the appropriate response. | - Event classifications- False positive
- False negative
- True positive
- True negative
- Triage event
- Preescalation tasks
- Incident response process
- Preparation
- Detection
- Analysis
- Containment
- Recovery
- Lessons learned
- Specific response playbooks/processes- Scenarios
-Ransomware
-Data exfiltration
-Social engineering - Non-automated response methods
- Automated response methods
-Runbooks
-SOAR
- Communication plan
- Stakeholder management
|
| Explain the importance of forensic concepts. | - Legal vs. internal corporate purposes
- Forensic process- Identification
- Evidence collection
-Chain of custody
-Order of volatility
1. Memory snapshots
2. Images
-Cloning - Evidence preservation
-Secure storage
-Backups - Analysis
-Forensics tools - Verification
- Presentation
- Integrity preservation - Cryptanalysis - Steganalysis
|
| Given a scenario, use forensic analysis tools. | - File carving tools - Binary analysis tools - Hex dump
- Binwalk
- Ghidra
- GNU Project debugger (GDB)
- OllyDbg
- readelf
- objdump
- strace
- ldd
- file
- Analysis tools - ExifTool
- Nmap
- Aircrack-ng
- Volatility
- The Sleuth Kit
- Dynamically vs. statically linked
- Imaging tools
- Forensic Toolkit (FTK) Imager
- dd
- Hashing utilities
- Live collection vs. post-mortem tools
- netstat
- ps
- vmstat
- ldd
- lsof
- netcat
- tcpdump
- conntrack
- Wireshark
|
Security Engineering and Cryptography 26% |
| Given a scenario, apply secure configurations to enterprise mobility | - Managed configurations- Application control
- Password
- MFA requirements
- Token-based access
- Patch repository
- Firmware Over-the-Air
- Remote wipe
- WiFi
-WiFi Protected Access (WPA2/3)
-Device certificates - Profiles
- Bluetooth
- Near-field communication (NFC)
- Peripherals
- Geofencing
- VPN settings
- Geotagging
- Certificate management
- Full device encryption
- Tethering
- Airplane mode
- Location services
- DNS over HTTPS (DoH)
- Custom DNS
- Deployment scenarios- Bring your own device (BYOD)
- Corporate-owned
- Corporate owned, personally enabled (COPE)
- Choose your own device (CYOD)
- Security considerations- Unauthorized remote activation/deactivation of devices or features
- Encrypted and unencrypted communication concerns
- Physical reconnaissance
- Personal data theft
- Health privacy
- Implications of wearable devices
- Digital forensics of collected data
- Unauthorized application stores
- Jailbreaking/rooting
- Side loading
- Containerization
- Original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and carrier differences
- Supply chain issues
- eFuse
|
| Given a scenario, configure and implement endpoint security controls. | - Hardening techniques- Removing unneeded services
- Disabling unused accounts
- Images/templates
- Remove end-of-life devices
- Remove end-of-support devices
- Local drive encryption
- Enable no execute (NX)/execute never (XN) bit
- Disabling central processing unit (CPU) virtualization support
- Secure encrypted enclaves/memory encryption
- Shell restrictions
- Address space layout randomization (ASLR)
- Processes
- Patching
- Firmware
- Application
- Logging
- Monitoring
- Mandatory access control- Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux)/Security-Enhanced Android (SEAndroid)
- Kernel vs. middleware
- Trustworthy computing- Trusted Platform Module (TPM)
- Secure Boot
- Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)/basic input/output system (BIOS) protection
- Attestation services
- Hardware security module (HSM)
- Measured boot
- Self-encrypting drives (SEDs)
- Compensating controls- Antivirus
- Application controls
- Host-based intrusion detection system (HIDS)/Host-based intrusion prevention system (HIPS)
- Host-based firewall
- Endpoint detection and response (EDR)
- Redundant hardware
- Self-healing hardware
- User and entity behavior analytics (UEBA)
|
| Explain security considerations impacting specific sectors and operational technologies. | - Embedded- Internet of Things (IoT)
- System on a chip (SoC)
- Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
- Field-programmable gate array (FPGA)
- ICS/supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)- Programmable logic controller (PLC)
- Historian
- Ladder logic
- Safety instrumented system
- Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)
- Protocols
- Controller Area Network (CAN) bus
- Modbus
- Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
- Zigbee
- Common Industrial Protocol (CIP)
- Data distribution service
- Sectors
- Energy
- Manufacturing
- Healthcare
- Public utilities
- Public services
- Facility services
|
| Explain how cloud technology adoption impacts organizational security. | - Automation and orchestration- Encryption configuration
- Logs- Availability
- Collection
- Monitoring
- Configuration
- Alerting
- Monitoring configurations
- Key ownership and location
- Key life-cycle management
- Backup and recovery methods - Cloud as business continuity and disaster recovery (BCDR)
- Primary provider BCDR
- Alternative provider BCDR
- Infrastructure vs. serverless computing
- Application virtualization
- Software-defined networking
- Misconfigurations
- Collaboration tools
- Storage configurations
- Bit splitting
- Data dispersion
- Cloud access security broker (CASB)
|
| Given a business requirement, implement the appropriate PKI solution. | - PKI hierarchy- Certificate authority (CA)
- Subordinate/intermediate CA
- Registration authority (RA)
- Certificate types - Wildcard certificate
- Extended validation
- Multidomain
- General purpose
- Certificate usages/profiles/templates - Client authentication
- Server authentication
- Digital signatures
- Code signing
- Extensions - Common name (CN)
- Subject alternate name (SAN)
- Trusted providers
- Trust model
- Cross-certification
- Configure profiles
- Life-cycle management
- Public and private keys
- Digital signature
- Certificate pinning
- Certificate stapling
- Certificate signing requests (CSRs)
- Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) vs. certificate revocation list (CRL)
- HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) |
| Given a business requirement, implement the appropriate cryptographic protocols and algorithms. | - Hashing- Secure Hashing Algorithm (SHA)
- Hash-based message authentication code (HMAC)
- Message digest (MD)
- RACE integrity primitives evaluation message digest (RIPEMD)
- Poly1305
- Symmetric algorithms- Modes of operation
-Galois/Counter Mode (GCM)
-Electronic codebook (ECB)
-Cipher block chaining (CBC)
-Counter (CTR)
-Output feedback (OFB) - Stream and block
-Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
-Triple digital encryption standard (3DES)
-ChaCha
-Salsa20
- Asymmetric algorithms- Key agreement
-Diffie-Hellman
-Elliptic-curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) - Signing
-Digital signature algorithm (DSA)
-Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman (RSA)
-Elliptic-curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA)
- Protocols- Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)/Transport Layer Security (TLS)
- Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME)
- Internet Protocol Security (IPSec)
- Secure Shell (SSH)
- EAP
- Elliptic curve cryptography - Forward secrecy - Authenticated encryption with associated data- Key stretching- Password-based key derivation function 2 (PBKDF2)
- Bcrypt
|
| Given a scenario, troubleshoot issues with cryptographic implementations. | - Implementation and configuration issues
- Validity dates
- Wrong certificate type
- Revoked certificates
- Incorrect name
- Chain issues
-Invalid root or intermediate CAs
-Self-signed - Weak signing algorithm
- Weak cipher suite
- Incorrect permissions
- Cipher mismatches
- Downgrade
- Keys
- Mismatched
- Improper key handling
- Embedded keys
- Rekeying
- Exposed private keys
- Crypto shredding
- Cryptographic obfuscation
- Key rotation
- Compromised keys
|
Governance, Risk, and Compliance 15% |
| Given a set of requirements, apply the appropriate risk strategies. | - Risk assessment- Likelihood
- Impact
- Qualitative vs. quantitative
- Exposure factor
- Asset value
- Total cost of ownership (TCO)
- Return on investment (ROI)
- Mean time to recovery (MTTR)
- Mean time between failure (MTBF)
- Annualized loss expectancy (ALE)
- Annualized rate of occurrence (ARO)
- Single loss expectancy (SLE)
- Gap analysis
- Risk handling techniques - Transfer
- Accept
- Avoid
- Mitigate
- Risk types - Inherent
- Residual
- Exceptions
- Risk management life cycle - Identify
- Assess
- Control
-People
-Process
-Technology
-Protect
-Detect
-Respond
-Restore - Review
- Frameworks
- Risk tracking - Risk register
- Key performance indicators
-Scalability
Reliability
-Availability - Key risk indicators
- Risk appetite vs. risk tolerance - Tradeoff analysis
- Usability vs. security requirements
- Policies and security practices- Separation of duties
- Job rotation
- Mandatory vacation
- Least privilege
- Employment and termination procedures
- Training and awareness for users
- Auditing requirements and frequency
|
| Explain the importance of managing and mitigating vendor risk. | - Shared responsibility model (roles/responsibilities)
- Cloud service provider (CSP)
-Geographic location
-Infrastructure
-Compute
-Storage
-Networking
-Services - Client
-Encryption
-Operating systems
-Applications
-Data
- Vendor lock-in and vendor lockout
- Vendor viability
- Financial risk
- Merger or acquisition risk
- Meeting client requirements- Legal
- Change management
- Staff turnover
- Device and technical configurations
- Support availability
- Geographical considerations
- Supply chain visibility
- Incident reporting requirements
- Source code escrows
- Ongoing vendor assessment tools
- Third-party dependencies
- Technical considerations
- Technical testing
- Network segmentation
- Transmission control
- Shared credentials
|
| Explain compliance frameworks and legal considerations, and their organizational impact. | - Security concerns of integrating diverse industries
- Data considerations- Data sovereignty
- Data ownership
- Data classifications
- Data retention
- Data types
-Health
-Financial
-Intellectual property - Personally identifiable information (PII)
- Data removal, destruction, and sanitization
- Geographic considerations- Location of data
- Location of data subject
- Location of cloud provider
- Third-party attestation of compliance- Regulations, accreditations, and standards- Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS)
- General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
- Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI)
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA)
- Common Criteria
- Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) Security Trust Assurance and Risk (STAR)
- Legal considerations
- Due diligence
- Due care
- Export controls
- Legal holds
- E-discovery
- Contract and agreement types- Service-level agreement (SLA)
- Master service agreement (MSA)
- Non-disclosure agreement (NDA)
- Memorandum of understanding (MOU)
- Interconnection security agreement (ISA)
- Operational-level agreement
- Privacy-level agreement
|
| Explain the importance of business continuity and disaster recovery concepts. | - Business impact analysis- Recovery point objective
- Recovery time objective
- Recovery service level
- Mission essential functions
- Privacy impact assessment - Disaster recovery plan (DRP)/business continuity plan (BCP)
- Cold site
- Warm site
- Hot site
- Mobile site
- Incident response plan
- Roles/responsibilities
- After-action reports
- Testing plans
- Checklist
- Walk-through
- Tabletop exercises
- Full interruption test
- Parallel test/simulation test
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